In our lives, it often happens that we use some useful inventions with great pleasure, but at the same time we do not have the slightest idea when and by whom they were created. The same goes for the Internet. Most of us cannot imagine our lives without the Global Network; we use it every day for work, study, entertainment, communication and simply searching for the information we need. But how many people know the history of the creation of the Internet? Find out how it happened by reading the article.
War and network
It is unknown how quickly the prerequisites for the creation of the Internet could have arisen if not for the “Cold War” and the “arms race” that took place between the USA and the USSR. As one of the results of the confrontation between two influential states, a project of the American Department of Defense appeared called the Advanced Research Projects Agency, abbreviated ARPA. This organization was tasked with developing a computer network that could be used to transmit secret data in the event of a major war. However, this reason has not been officially confirmed by anyone.
The first scientist to speak out about the possibility of creating such a network was J. Licklider from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who wrote back in 1962 about a project he called the “Galactic Network”. This scientist's idea was very close to what is currently understood as the Internet. However, the concept existed only in theory so far. The most important steps lay ahead: the search for technical capabilities and algorithms for its implementation, as well as years of experimentation in an attempt to achieve a positive result. Thus began the long history of the creation of the Internet.
Natural research
The development of a unique computer connection was based on the concept of a packet network, the authors of which were English physicists Donald Davis and Roger Scantlebury. It gradually became known that in the period from 1961 to 1967, more and more specialists from the United States and Great Britain were involved in working on the project, without knowing about each other. As a result, parallel research became known at one of the scientific conferences.
It is significant that these first developments were created quite freely and spontaneously, with minimal control by the governments of both countries. And subsequently, the creator of the Internet, Tim Berners-Lee, noted: “We could not have done anything like this if it had been under government control from the very beginning.” By saying “we,” the computer genius also meant his predecessors who created the ARPANET network.
Significant day
The first successful connection was made in 1969. Then the ARPANET network server was located at the University of California, Los Angeles, and attempts began to establish a connection between two cities: Los Angeles and Stanford, the distance between which was 640 km. It was necessary to remotely connect to another computer on the network and send a written message, and a telephone was used to confirm the transfer. The experiment was carried out by university scientists Charlie Cline and his colleague Bill Duvall.
So, the year the Internet was created is 1969, the day is October 29, the time is 22.30. It was then that the short word log (short for login, as the password for logging into the system later became known) was completely transmitted over a network of two computers. Thus began the long history of the creation and development of the Internet, which continues to this day.
Soon after that success, already in 1971, the first program for sending email appeared. The innovation turned out to be extremely popular and began to quickly gain popularity in the United States. In addition, in the 70s of the 20th century, the history of the creation of the Internet was marked by the emergence and development of such systems as bulletin boards, mailings to electronic mailboxes and news groups.
Computers of all networks, unite
At the same time, computer technology developers were working to create a single protocol that could unite all existing disparate networks into a single whole. The leader of this large-scale project was the American inventor Robert Kahn. It was he, together with Vinton Cerf and other colleagues, who developed TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), which is still used to connect computers into a single network. For this invention, Kahn and Cerf received the unofficial title of “fathers” of the Internet.
The basic principles of the protocol they developed are as follows:
- connection occurs without internal changes in the network;
- retransmission of incomplete information;
- use of gateways and routers;
- lack of a general control system.
By 1983, the ARPANET network was completely transferred to the TCP/IP protocol, after which it changed its name to the one familiar to modern ears - the Internet. However, over time, this name was assigned to the newly formed NSFNet network, which turned out to be more popular and by 1990 ousted its competitor.
Also in 1983, DNS (Domain Name System) was developed - a domain name system. Thus, the history of the creation of the Internet has taken another huge step forward.
The web is being woven
And yet it was far from the Internet we know today. Yes, there was already e-mail, mailing programs, message boards, and even (in 1988) the first chat room, allowing network users to communicate in real time. However, there was no what we now call the World Wide Web - an inexhaustible source of information consisting of many web pages connected by hyperlinks. All this was developed and launched only in 1989, primarily thanks to the work of a famous scientist from the UK. It was Tim Berners-Lee who developed the HTTP protocol, the hypertext markup language HTML, URLs for websites - in a word, everything without which it is impossible to imagine the functioning of the Internet at the present stage.
If we draw an analogy with other great inventions, we can say that theorists and experimenters with the ARPANET discovered electricity, and the creator of the Internet, Berners-Lee and his colleagues, developed the first electrical appliances.
Websites and browsers
But the development process did not end there, but only continued at an accelerated pace. 1991 is the year the first Internet site was created, located at info.cern.ch. The World Wide Web became universally accessible, beginning to fulfill Berners-Lee's cherished dream that every person on the planet could take advantage of the power of the Internet. Gradually, more and more web servers and sites began to appear, based on software created by the British computer genius.
Since 1993, the first browsers began to appear (Mosaic, Internet Explorer and others), more and more people around the world connected to the Internet, and the number of sites increased to hundreds of thousands.
Internet in the USSR and Russia
The first communication channel with the World Wide Web was laid in 1982, being used exclusively for scientific purposes - to access the archives of the main European libraries. It was only in 1989 that expansion began so that ordinary citizens could gain access. A year later, the first Relcom network appeared, and the su domain for websites of the Soviet Union was registered. News and other information began to be disseminated through the network, as well as communication between participants, including those separated by an ocean.
World Wide Web today
By 1997, the history of the creation of the Internet was almost completed, and the global network became approximately the same as we know it today. But the difference is that back then there were only 10 million computers connected to the Internet, but now the figure has reached 1.2 billion.
No previous means of communication has achieved such stunning results in such a short time.
The modern trend in the development of the Internet is its distribution in developing countries of the world, as well as access through a variety of devices: communication satellites, radio channels, cable TV, telephone and cellular communications, electrical wires and leased lines.
The Internet is the greatest invention of mankind. The global network helps people communicate, study, earn money and relax. However, few people think about where and under what circumstances the Internet appeared, in what year it came to Russia and who controls the flow of digital information. We will answer these questions in the article.
The history of the creation of the Internet in the world
Work to find opportunities for the rapid transfer of large volumes of information began in the early 70s of the last century in the USA.
The first concept of a computer network was proposed by J. Licklider.The advent of the Internet was made possible by the idea of Paul Baran. An American engineer announced the use of interconnected peer-to-peer computers. The inventor emphasized the special role of such a system. Thanks to decentralization the network remained operational even if some of its parts were destroyed.
The birthday of the Internet is considered to be October 29, 1969. On this day, the first computer communication session was held on the ARPANET network. The computers were installed at a distance of 650 km from each other, in the scientific centers of California and Stanford. The researchers were able to transmit only two characters - LO.
The founder and first investor of the modern Internet was the British Tim Berners-Lee. Today he heads World Wide Web Consortium. 50 years ago, a team of programmers led by Berners-Lee managed to create the WWW browser (WorldWideWeb) and the hypertext language - HTML.
The system of unified computer networks became international in the 80s. last century. Norway and Great Britain were connected to it via a transatlantic telephone cable. Today, 50% of the world's population uses the Internet.
How and when did the Internet appear in Russia?
The first computer network, Relcom, appeared in the Soviet Union in the summer of 1990. It united the largest scientific centers of the country. The e-mail system connected the computers of research institutes in Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv and Novosibirsk. In the same year, the first modem communication session took place between the Kurchatov Institute and the University of Helsinki.
Russia became an active Internet user in 1994. And 25 years later, having created an autonomous network. The starting point of the Runet is considered to be the official registration of the .ru domain in the Internet Network Information Center.
Did you use the Relcom network in the 90s?
Yes, I tried itNo, I didn’t know what the Internet was then...
The first Russian search engine Rambler appeared in 1996. A year later, Yandex began its work.
Video: A brief history of the emergence and development of the Internet.
Who controls and manages the Internet in the Russian Federation and in the world?
Internet governance is the technological coordination of its elements:
- domain name systems;
- IP address distribution;
- development and application of protocols and standards.
The Russian Research Institute for the Development of Public Networks received administrative rights. Its activities are carried out in two directions:
- Development of computer communications for scientific and educational organizations.
- Development of the infrastructure of the Russian segment of the World Wide Web.
Currently, the Internet is actively developing. New forms of interaction between network participants are emerging. Governance of the World Wide Web is the development and implementation of rules governing economic, political, social and cultural activities. Therefore, Internet governance issues arise constantly in civil society and government.
Our country today is protesting against the “Law on Sovereign Runet”. The bill obliges operators, by order of the authorities, to change message routes and provide regulatory authorities with data about the structure of the network and the use of DNS servers.
The Internet is an open system for storing and transmitting information. Its resources and capabilities belong equally to all users.
In less than 20 years of the existence of the Internet - the World Wide Web, more than 966 million sites have appeared (data for 2017). All five continents are connected to the Internet. Users from America and Europe exchange information in real time with Australians and South Africans.
To show the global reach of the free information web, just look at the statistics of the distribution of sites by continent.
How and when the Internet appeared, what technologies made this miracle of the twentieth century possible, who and when created the WWW - in this article.
History of the creation of technologies for the Internet
The history of the World Wide Web took shape entirely in the second half of the 20th century. This is explained by the relative novelty of the underlying technologies. The first networks connected computers long before the widespread introduction of personal computers into our lives, in 1956.
According to a number of researchers, the creation of a LAN was preceded by a pragmatic idea to control a computer at a distance. The computers were large and got very hot. The halls where they worked had to be cooled, and the presence of people in them was undesirable. Remote control made it possible to place specialists in another office.
LANs of this time rarely went beyond the building and were local in nature. Nevertheless, they were chosen by the United States military department as an alternative and promising means of reliable communication in case of emergency situations and military invasion.
Creation of distributed networks, ARPANET
In 1957, American intelligence learned of Soviet missiles installed in Cuba, which turned nuclear war from hypothetical to very real. The military's arguments in favor of creating computer networks:
- During a nuclear war, long-wave communications will become impossible to use for long-distance communications.
- Any centralized communication systems can be disabled by damage to the central nodes.
- Distributed decentralized networks work even if individual segments are destroyed.
Already in 1957, the task set and financed by the military was taken up by employees of DARPA, an American agency in whose hands promising developments of a defense nature were concentrated. The project was complex, so four leading higher education institutions in the country were involved in it. These are two California universities: Santa Barbara and Los Angeles, Utah and Stanford.
The figure shows a hand-drawn diagram of the ARPANET, which identifies these nodes, and the names of the computers are indicated on the rectangular callouts.
At the end of the 60s, the network finally moved from the design stage to real operation. The first ARPANET server, the project's working title, was launched in September 1969. It was the Honeywell DP-516 computer. To estimate its power, it is enough to indicate the amount of RAM, which is 24 kilobytes. But by the standards of that time this was enough.
Global connectivity
Of course, scientific schools saw benefits for themselves in the development of a unified network. The new invention opens up the possibility of ensuring communication between research teams and individual scientists. More and more new participants joined the project, funded by the US Department of Defense.
The team was relatively small, less than 150 people. Half of ARPA's staff held the title of Ph.D. They are the ones who take the global approach to development.
Thus, a number of Internet historians believe that we owe the emergence of the concept of globality to the author of the Galactic Network article, J. Licklider. This work examines the prerequisites for the creation of galactic networks covering millions of people. Licklider became director of the research program on October 4, 1962. Without this researcher, ARPANET could have remained a closed phenomenon to the world, and the Internet would have appeared much later.
Packages and protocols
Technology and communication protocol became a key issue in the ARPA project. At this stage, the involvement of specialist Leonard Kleinorok was required. His publication, dated 1961, examined in detail communication protocols based on packet transmission technology.
Since the line bandwidth is limited, it is difficult to transfer the entire file. Initially, telephone cables were used, laid throughout the country. Any interference or interruptions led to the need to retransmit the data. Kleinork suggested splitting the file into small packages.
The sender sends them one by one, and the recipient carefully places them on the drive and then collects the entire file. The theory was proven by a practical communication session between Massachusetts and California. The data traveled through low-speed telephone lines about 5,000 km long.
Perhaps this was the first global information network, since these cities are located in different time zones. Researchers have proven that time difference does not matter for communication. But the speed and reliability provided by telephone wires were considered unsatisfactory. To ensure reliable and high-speed exchange of information, it was necessary to create separate lines.
Open network and the name Internet
Most researchers of the history of the World Wide Web believe that its modern name “Internet” originates from the French project Cyclades (Cyclade). Work on its launch took place in the 1970s of the last century. The developers of the Cyclade prioritized connection with other similar networks, Inter-net.
The figure shows the original design of the Cyclades, which united five French cities. Lines with a bandwidth of 48 kb are highlighted in bold, and lines with a bandwidth of 4-8 kb are highlighted in thin lines. Used 8 different operating systems interacting with each other.
The French did not have such powerful funding as the ARPA group, so instead of one expensive system they decided to build a global one from local segments interacting with each other. This model suited the military, commercial structures, educational institutions and individuals. Access to the Cyclada could be obtained easier and cheaper.
French engineers have significantly improved the protocol to enable fast data transfer using connected computers as transmitters. This made it possible to increase throughput and information security. In the new protocol, the file was not opened on intermediate computers, but was only sent further unchanged. The transmission problem was solved in hardware.
The key engineering decision was the approval of a communication standard between open information systems. It was developed by ISO, the international standardization agency. This document defined the principles and levels of interaction.
Unified standards made it possible to eliminate routers and powerful central servers. Data could now be sent directly from user to user. In addition, levels of interaction were determined to ensure the safety of use of the network for departments, including the military.
How did the Internet appear?
The concept of the Internet was first used in the 1970s. This name was coined for the TCP/IP protocol, a single standard for packet file exchange that all operating systems must understand. A kind of international language for computers to communicate.
Strictly speaking, the TCP protocol itself was invented back in the 1970s. In 1978, the developers decided to divide its description into two areas based on functionality. The function of TCP is to parse file packets at the origin and then reassemble them at the destination. IP controlled the transmission.
The standard turned out to be so successful that the ARPANET developers switched their brainchild to TCP/IP. This event occurred on January 1, 1983. Another alternative internet birthday.
The IP address required to access the server with web pages was not very convenient for users. Therefore, in 1984, the concept of domains was introduced. They were indicated in the format familiar to the modern user with.com and other country-specific combinations. It is from the domain that the concept of dotcom is derived - dot (dot) and com (com).
In 1988, it was possible to overcome the limitation of information transfer in deferred mode. Previously, the file could only be sent by email. Now read the document in real time.
In the history of the emergence of the Internet, 1989 can be considered key. Scientists from the UK have proposed turning the network between countries into a worldwide one. To achieve this, standards were unified, called HTTP and URL for specifying the name of a page or file. HTML was also proposed - a language for describing text with hyperlinks, which was expanded many times in subsequent years.
Since 1990, anyone could connect to the World Wide Web through a telephone line using a modem. Another thing is that this access was paid and not everyone could afford it.
Inventors of the Internet
While American researchers made Internet hardware possible, European researchers did more work on hypertext and HTTP standards. English scientist Tim Berners-Lee laid the foundations of the Internet when he invented URL, HTTP and a number of other Internet standards.
He also developed the concept of WWW - a global web consisting of a huge number of interconnected documents, the transition between which is possible with one click on a hyperlink.
Also among the people who came up with and essentially invented the Internet, researchers include Berners-Lee’s colleague, the Belgian scientist Robert Caillot. He also worked at CERN on a data processing project.
The initial task was to systematize the knowledge accumulated by CERN, a leading European research center. But the idea, conceived and implemented by Tim Berners-Lee, was easily scalable to any number of documents and arbitrary types of information.
Without the inventions of European scientists that make it possible to organize access, communication between data from different sites and, most importantly, quickly edit information on them, global networks would not have received such widespread use. Only specialists could use them.
Internet birthday
Some researchers believe that the history of the World Wide Web should be counted from the date October 26, 1969. On this day, an event took place, the true value of which only specialists could appreciate. And this was done by ordinary students Charlie Cline and Bill Duvall. In the photo they were taken on the 40th anniversary of the event.
A remote connection was established between Stanford and Los Angeles. With the modern development of technology, 640 kilometers separating the cities is a small distance. But for that time it was a breakthrough that proved the possibility of reaching a global level of coverage of communications between people.
To be fair, it is worth noting that the transfer was completed only by 40%. The first two letters of the word LOGIN planned for broadcast were transmitted. The instability of the connection affected. Charlie Cline and Bill Duvall tried again later that day. LOGIN was finally transmitted at 10:30 p.m. Note that the computers being connected were part of the ARPANET.
The next three years were devoted to intensive development of software for the network and improvement of transmission technology. So, in 1971, an email client was launched, which became the prototype of modern email. A notice board and news publication were developed.
The next stage of development is the transmission of a digital signal across the ocean. In 1973, using telephone cables laid along the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, researchers from the United States communicated over the network with Great Britain and Norway.
The Internet's birthday can equally be considered September 30, 1993. On this day, CERN lawyers settled all the formalities and allowed access to the World Wide Web to a wide mass of users who were not able to enter the research laboratory’s network. And already in 1994, WWW appeared in schools and other educational institutions.
Thus, the CERN research team has created the Internet - a global public library of knowledge. Therefore, September 30, 1993 has more right to the title of the Internet’s birthday than the events in 1969. The question “How old is the Internet?”, as the library of all knowledge in the world, most likely should be answered, counting from this later date.
Internet Day in different countries
In the USA and Europe the celebration is held on April 4th. There are two versions of the origin of such a date. The first is the similarity of the spelling of 4.04 with the 404 error about the absence of the desired page on the web. The second is religious. It is believed that the patron of the World Wide Web is Isidore of Seville, a saint canonized by the Catholic Church. And April 4 is the day of his ascension.
It is interesting that the candidacy of Isidore of Seville has been confirmed by the Vatican since 2000. The Church motivated its decision by the fact that the saint used cross-references in his works - a distant prototype of modern hyperlinks.
In Russia, April 7 is often called Internet Day. On this day in 1994, the domain .ru was allocated for Russian websites, replacing the .su domain, which had lost its relevance, in the Soviet Union.
Similar to Russia, a number of other countries also consider the birth of the Internet to be the moment when their national domains appeared. For example, in Uzbekistan it is April 29, and WWW users in Ukraine celebrate December 14.
History of Internet technologies and services
Postal services
E-mail has accompanied the Internet throughout its history. As noted above, the first client for reading and sending mail over the World Wide Web was developed in 1971.
Some researchers point us back to 1965, to the Mail program written by Noel Morris and Tom Van Valeck. But this application ran strictly on one CTSS operating system. We installed it on an IBM 7090/7094. Forwarding a message was possible to a computer connected via a local network and running on the same system.
Most of the concepts were inherited from the field of processing paper correspondence. Letter, attachment, envelope - all these words are from the past. But email is much faster and easier to use. You can read it from any device. But at first, users were strictly tied to their provider in order to have access to their email account. The letters themselves were stored on the provider's server.
Hotmail. The history of Internet email is often dated back to July 4, 1996. On this day, the Hotmail service began commercial operation. Revolutionaryness consisted in freedom from the provider. The user could check his email correspondence from any device connected to the web.
GMail. The history of this mail service began in the summer of 2001. At the same time, the corporation was in no hurry to open access to it to a wide range of users. In beta, it became possible to connect to GMail only in April 2004. The key advantage of Google mail was the incredible space for letters at that time. Each user was allocated 1 GB. Competitors provided at most 10 MB. Therefore, Gmail immediately looked like a leader on the Internet and currently occupies the first position in popularity.
Mail.ru and Yandex Mail. The mail service Mail.ru has been operating since 1998. Perhaps this is the oldest such resource in RuNet. Yandex joined the mailer race later. The service appeared on the Russian segment of the Internet in June 2000. He was distinguished by competent implementation of spam identification and anti-virus processing of attachments directly on the Yandex server.
Search engines
From the very beginning, the Internet was not easy to search. To find something useful, you had to find out the site address, type it into the browser bar, and then follow the links in the form of underlined letters for a long time.
YAHOO. The first search engine was YAHOO. Its two founders wanted to learn more about basketball teams. David Filo and Jerry Yang were left without their supervisor for a long period and had a lot of free time.
In January 1994, they found a solution to indexing a large amount of information and opened the “Guide” to the world, which at this stage of Internet development was a breakthrough in navigation. It was a directory of sites.
From that moment on, online search developed rapidly, as it attracted financial investments from advertisers. They were happy to place paid ads on search engines, which receive a huge number of visitors every day.
Google. Google's revolutionary invention was the combination of a natural way for people to search for a phrase and ranking links. A simple rule to determine the best pages is this: if site A has a link to site B, then page B gets a point. Now this is called the citation index, TIC.
Currently, no user will be able to navigate more than 150 million sites on the Internet. The search engine string is now displayed in the address page of most browsers.
Yandex. For Russian users in RuNet - the Russian-language sector of the Internet, the search began with Rambler. This Russian project started in 1996, just three years later than the first American search engines. Yandex appeared on the Internet a year later, in 1997, but is currently consistently in the top 10 global search services. In the Russian Internet sector, it is reliably in first place.
Browsers
WorldWideWeb. The race for the right to be called the best guide for users on the Internet began in the 90s of the last century. The first of these programs was simply called WorldWideWeb. As the name suggests, this is WWW, a combination of letters that often refers to the Internet. The browser was renamed Nexus, and then it gave way to more advanced competitors.
Mosaic. Few Russian users know about this web surfing tool, but it was the first to offer a graphical interface. There is evidence that both popular browsers of the 90s: Netscape navigator and IE borrowed the code of this open source project in the initial stages of development.
Netscape Navigator is the first browser with in-line search. It appeared in 1994 and existed until December 28, 2007. For most Russian users, this is where their acquaintance with the Internet began.
Google Chrome, without which the Internet today is difficult to imagine, appeared only in 2008. Its source code is open and the Chromium engine is used in most modern web browsers, including the latest versions of Opera and Yandex.
History of the Internet in Russia
The graph of the development of the World Wide Web in the Russian-speaking space from the moment when the Internet was created and invented in the world is clearly demonstrated by the diagram.
On the graph, the X axis shows the years since 1990, and the Y axis shows millions of addresses issued to users and sites.
It is a mistake to believe that American researchers are decades ahead of their Soviet and Russian colleagues. The first local networks in the USSR were created in the military sphere in the 1950s. And in 1972, our civilian specialists managed to solve a problem on a nationwide scale. The Express ticket sales accounting network has been implemented, the services of which we now use when purchasing train tickets via the Internet.
There were also philosophers in Russia who formulated the fundamentals of the functioning of global world networks. Odoevsky mentions such a system in his science fiction book 4338. She was published in 1837.
Key stages in the emergence of the Internet in Russia.
1974 The KOI-8 encoding was developed, which included Cyrillic and Latin letters. This made it possible to create a standard for texts in mixed languages. KOI-8 is enshrined in GOST. In the same year, Academician Sakharov predicted the creation of a worldwide network - a world library of knowledge - in the next half century.
1982 Anatoly Kolesov conducts world conferences using computers using telephone lines. He was given a login to log into the server of the University of Stockholm.
1988 Kolesov was invited to a Central Television program to talk about this new technology.
1990 Glasnet, with the help of American colleagues, is organizing the integration of the USSR into the Internet. Several educational institutions in our country have access to the network. In the summer of the same year, the Demos company opened an email service in the USSR.
by 1991, postal service was organized in all major cities of the Union.
Since 1993, the history of the Internet in Russia has already kept pace with global experience. Providers have appeared to access the network through the telephone network using modems. Ordinary people, not just select scientific organizations, connected to the WWW.
What is included in Runet
Thus, in Ukraine at the end of 2003, 82% of sites operated in Russian and united the audience of all countries of the post-Soviet space. In total, as of 2009, there were 15 million resources on the RuNet.
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To begin with, it is worth defining what the Internet is. Internet is a system of unified computer networks. It is based on the routing of various data packets, as well as the use of IP protocols. Another definition of the word “Internet” suggests that it is a global information system.
Most often when people talk about Internet(or they also call it the Global Network or the World Wide Web), they do not think about complex interacting systems. For them Internet- simply information that they can receive at any time of the day.
So how did it appear? Internet? What's its story?
In 1957, the USSR artificial satellite was launched. After this event, the United States began to think about the need to create a high-quality information broadcast system. As a result, the agency ARPA proposed the creation of the innovative ARPANET computer network. On September 1, 1969, the world's first server for this computer network was installed at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Later, already in 1971, they designed a popular program that made it possible to send emails from one mailbox on the network to another. Within 2 years, with the connection of Norway and Great Britain to the US network, ARPANET became an international system. Of course, in 1970 the network was used exclusively for exchanging emails, but after 10 years the capabilities were expanded and data transfer protocols began to develop.
January 1, 1983 is considered a significant day. It was from this moment ARPANET became the well-known “Internet”. Then, a year after this event, domain name systems were developed.
As the network’s popularity grew, many realized that this project would be very profitable. Therefore, ARPANET had a competitor in 1984 - the NSFNet network. The US National Science Foundation created this network, which had higher capacity. Moreover, it included smaller networks known at that time (Bitnet, Usenet). The popularity of the competitive network began to grow at tremendous speed. More and more people began to connect to it.
In 1990, NSFNet completely won ARPANET and rightfully took over the title of “Internet”. In addition, this year the world's first connection to the Internet via telephone line took place. By this time, people could already communicate with each other in real time, and Tim Bernes-Lee (he created the HTML language, the HTTP protocol, URL identifiers) had already designed the concept of the World Wide Web.
By 1991 the concept World Wide Web was fully developed and put into operation. From that moment on, her popularity grew continuously. In 1995, the high-tech computers of the US National Science Foundation stopped routing Internet traffic and transferred this role to network providers.
Global networking occurred in 1990. Many agreed to this merger due to the fact that there was no one leader, and all the networks actually remained independent. By 1997, a huge number of domain names and computers were registered on the Internet. The Internet has become a full-fledged leader among the various means that make it possible to exchange information.
The popularity of the Internet is not in doubt. Moreover, there is even World Internet Day, which takes place annually on September 30th. This holiday was established by Pope John Paul II in 1998.
The Internet today has firmly entered our lives. But few people know the name Tim Berners Lee. Meanwhile, this is exactly the person who created the Internet - the World Wide Web, without which many cannot even imagine their lives.
Childhood
Timothy's biography is quite simple: he was born in 1955, in the month of June, on the 8th. His homeland is London. Tim's parents were mathematician-programmers Conway Berners-Lee (father) and Mary Lee Woods (mother). Both parents worked at the same university (Manchester) to create an electronic computer with random access memory - the Manchester Mark I.
It goes without saying that little Tim, seeing the adults doing things, played, constructing small computer models from empty boxes. Yes, and Tim drew mainly on computer punched cards - sort of cardboard with holes, the first storage media.
Years of study
Tim Berners studied at the prestigious Emanuel School, where his passion for design and mathematics, and his success in studying, surprised everyone. His biography has the following entry: “Years of study at school – 1969-1973”
However, after graduating from school in 1973, upon entering King's College at the University of Oxford, Tim Berners decided to become a physicist.
And here Tim Berners-Lee’s childhood craving for computers awoke again - an interesting fact appears in the biography of the future discoverer of the Internet. Taking a Motorola M6800 processor and a regular TV, Tim managed to solder them into his first computer.
Like the biography of any mischievous boy, the biography of Timothy John Berners-Lee has fascinating pages that reveal the personality from a not entirely attractive side. Actually, it was reckless to condemn the young man for hacking the university computer database - this was just a fact of curiosity and testing his strength. But as a result, Tim received a stern warning from the rector and a ban on using a computer at the university.
Job
In 1976, Timothy Berners-Lee graduated from Oxford University with honors and received a bachelor's degree in physics. Having moved to Dorset, the future creator of the Internet gets a job at the Plessey corporation. Here Tim Berners is programming systems for information transmission, transaction distribution and creating barcode technology.
In 1978, Timothy John Berners-Lee changed jobs. At D.G Nash Ltd, his responsibilities are also changing: Tim Berners now creates programs for printers and multitasking systems.
Tim Berners-Lee was invited to Switzerland in 1980, where the future creator of the Internet works as a software consultant at the European Organization for Nuclear Research. It is in Switzerland that Tim Berners, after work, begins to work on the Enquire program - the basis of the World Wide Web.
In 1981, Tim Berners-Lee joined Image Computer Systems Ltd, where he successfully worked on graphics and communications software and real-time systems architecture. Later, in 1984, the future creator of the Internet began to develop a real-time system that was designed to collect scientific information. In parallel, Tim Berners-Lee develops computer technology applications that accelerate particles, as well as other scientific equipment.
When asked what year the World Wide Web was created, the answer can be 1989. It was then that Tim Berners-Lee proposed to his management the idea of the World Wide Web, which was based on the Enquire concept. This was the beginning of the invention of the Internet. He came up with the name “World Wide Web” himself, based on linking a variety of hypertext web pages using hyperlinks and a data transfer protocol. Previously, these protocols were used in the US military ARPANET network. This, as well as the university network protocol NSFNET, became the predecessors of the World Wide Web, thanks to which the Internet appeared.
And now the speech of the one who created the Internet in the video (in English, but with subtitles):
Birth of the World Wide Web
In the wonderful year of 1989, the protocol received a new field of activity: it began to be used for exchanging mail and real-time communication, for commercial purposes and reading newsgroups. The idea, which was proposed by Tim Berners-Lee, was accepted by director Mike Sandell. But Tim Berners did not receive large funds for his work, only an offer to conduct experiments on one of the NeXT personal computers.
Despite the difficulties, Tim Berners successfully copes with the task set for himself: he develops the first ever web server and the first web browser. The WorldWideWeb page editor, a standardized way of writing website addresses on the Internet, the HTML language and the application layer data transfer protocol owe their appearance to his talent as a developer.
The following year, Tim Berners-Lee received an assistant - Belgian Robert Caillot. Thanks to him, the Internet project received funding. Robert also took upon himself all organizational issues. Despite his active participation in the development and promotion of the project, the main creator of the Internet, Tim Berners-Lee, whose name is revered by all programmers in the world, went down in history. Robert Caillot did not reserve the right to charge fees for the use of the invention and was undeservedly forgotten.
Later, in 1993, Tim Berners-Lee created several browsers for different operating systems, which increased the share of the World Wide Web (WWW) in total Internet traffic.
An interesting fact is that the University of Minnesota previously developed the Gopher protocol, which could well become an alternative to the modern Internet. But Tim Berners-Lee disputes this fact, putting forward the opinion that that protocol would not have withstood competition with the World Wide Web (WWW) due to the fact that the creators of this project demanded a fee for its implementation.
